Artificial Intelligence in Adrenal Diseases

Adrenal diseases present significant clinical challenges due to their complex pathophysiology and
prevalence. Artificial intelligence (AI) advances have shown transformative potential in their diagno-
sis and management. Machine learning, deep learning, and radiomics have been explored for lesion
detection, tumor characterization, and functional assessments. Artificial intelligence–assisted imag-
ing enhances adrenal lesion identification and segmentation, particularly with computed tomog-
raphy and magnetic resonance imaging, improving diagnostic accuracy and workflow efficiency.
Radiomics aids in tumor differentiation and prognostic evaluations. Artificial intelligence models
demonstrate significant potential in diagnosing adrenal lesions, including Cushing’s syndrome, pri-
mary aldosteronism, pheochromocytomas, and adrenocortical carcinoma. Machine learning appli-
cations improve subtype classification, reduce invasive procedures, and refine risk stratification.
Integrated AI models combining clinical, biochemical, and imaging data enhance treatment outcome
predictions. Despite these advances, challenges remain, including data variability, model interpret-
ability, ethical concerns, and regulatory constraints. The “black box” nature of AI complicates clini-
cal integration, necessitating robust validation across diverse datasets. Identifying key parameters
influencing model outcomes through various methods is crucial. Additionally, disparities in AI acces-
sibility highlight the need for equitable implementation. While AI holds promise for adrenal disease
management, further research is needed to enhance generalizability, address ethical concerns, and
establish regulatory frameworks.